{"id":213,"date":"2023-12-12T15:03:40","date_gmt":"2023-12-12T14:03:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blacksheepcrdm.wordpress.com\/?p=213"},"modified":"2025-02-11T11:32:53","modified_gmt":"2025-02-11T10:32:53","slug":"hypertrucage-fake-it-until-you-make-it","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/master-crdm.parisnanterre.fr\/blacksheep\/hypertrucage-fake-it-until-you-make-it\/","title":{"rendered":"Hypertrucage : fake it until you make it"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Par Paul-Elyes Hecham<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Entre fake news et images g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es par intelligence artificielle, nous naviguons aujourd\u2019hui dans un univers num\u00e9rique chaotique et incertain. Pour ne rien arranger viennent s\u2019ajouter depuis quelques mois, des vid\u00e9os plus ou moins r\u00e9alistes mettant en sc\u00e8ne des stars et personnalit\u00e9s publiques dans des situations invraisemblables. Kylian Mbapp\u00e9 se prenant une gifle par son p\u00e8re ou encore Emmanuel Macron dans un clip de rap : personne n\u2019\u00e9chappe \u00e0 ces montages loufoques mais parfois tr\u00e8s convaincants.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Une technologie plus ou moins novatrice\u2026<\/strong><\/h1>\n

<\/p>\n

La r\u00e9cente prolif\u00e9ration de ces vid\u00e9os d\u00e9tourn\u00e9es est li\u00e9e \u00e0 la d\u00e9mocratisation d\u2019une technologie jusqu\u2019alors exp\u00e9rimentale : le Deepfake<\/a><\/em><\/strong>, autrement dit Hypertrucage<\/em><\/strong> en fran\u00e7ais. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019une technique de synth\u00e8se d’images permettant de superposer le visage et la voix de quelqu\u2019un sur un support existant, permettant de lui faire dire ou faire \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s tout ce que l\u2019on souhaite.
Celle-ci porte sur l\u2019utilisation de mod\u00e8les de r\u00e9seaux neuronaux profonds pour effectuer une analyse approfondie des caract\u00e9ristiques faciales et vocales d\u2019une personne \u00e0 partir de donn\u00e9es existantes. Ces algorithmes ayant besoin de grandes quantit\u00e9s de donn\u00e9es pour produire un r\u00e9sultat probant, ils sont naturellement plus efficaces avec des personnalit\u00e9s publiques apparaissant de fa\u00e7on r\u00e9currente sur nos \u00e9crans.\u00a0Ces derniers existent pourtant depuis plusieurs ann\u00e9es : nous avons tristement d\u00e9couvert cette technologie en 2017, lorsque des internautes l\u2019ont utilis\u00e9e pour mettre en sc\u00e8ne des actrices de cin\u00e9ma dans des vid\u00e9os pornographiques. Il s\u2019agissait alors d\u2019une technique obscure, m\u00e9connue du grand public et \u00e0 l\u2019image tr\u00e8s n\u00e9gative, associ\u00e9e aux activit\u00e9s malveillantes que l\u2019on retrouve dans les tr\u00e9fonds du web.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"\" Maquette de reconnaissance faciale | Freepik<\/i><\/figure>\n

<\/p>\n

Source : Freepik<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00e9anmoins, la r\u00e9cente d\u00e9mocratisation de l\u2019intelligence artificielle a chang\u00e9 la donne : d\u00e9sormais, ces techniques sont accessibles au grand public via des sites web et des logiciels facilement utilisables et aux r\u00e9sultats quasi imm\u00e9diats. C\u2019est donc une infinit\u00e9 de possibilit\u00e9s qui s\u2019ouvre progressivement \u00e0 un public de plus en plus large, et les utilisations de l\u2019hypertrucage se multiplient dans des domaines vari\u00e9s. On les utilise dans une optique de divertissement et de parodie, mais \u00e9galement dans des contextes professionnels : des logiciels permettent d\u00e9j\u00e0 de modifier sa voix en direct lors d\u2019une visioconf\u00e9rence, ou de traduire une vid\u00e9o de soi dans une autre langue en synchronisant notre voix et le mouvement de nos l\u00e8vres.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u2026q<\/strong>ui mettrait notre image en p\u00e9ril ?<\/strong><\/h1>\n

<\/p>\n

Ces usages vari\u00e9s destin\u00e9s au grand public risquent de se multiplier dans les ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir, et d\u2019envahir les sph\u00e8res professionnelles et personnelles de nombreux utilisateurs. Mais avec cette d\u00e9mocratisation vient aussi la question de l\u2019acceptation de cette technologie : sommes-nous pr\u00eats \u00e0 laisser des logiciels prendre le contr\u00f4le de notre image ?<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pour y r\u00e9pondre, CNRS Le Journal a interrog\u00e9 300 Fran\u00e7ais, majoritairement jeunes et urbains, en leur pr\u00e9sentant des sc\u00e9narios hypoth\u00e9tiques d\u2019application de cette technologie, dans des domaines th\u00e9rapeutiques, professionnels, politiques, etc. Le r\u00e9sultat est surprenant : les participants ont trouv\u00e9 la majorit\u00e9 des sc\u00e9narios moralement acceptables, y compris lorsque la personne n\u2019est pas inform\u00e9e que la voix de son interlocuteur est modifi\u00e9e. M\u00eame dans les cas de simple augmentation de nos capacit\u00e9s, les internautes ne consid\u00e8rent pas cette technologie comme immorale ou dangereuse. Il y a donc une confiance et un enthousiasme certains envers cette technologie pourtant tr\u00e8s r\u00e9cente, qui pr\u00e9sagent son d\u00e9veloppement massif au cours des prochaines ann\u00e9es et qui contraste avec son image n\u00e9gative initiale.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Une juridiction n\u00e9cessaire ?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h1>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00e9anmoins, force est de constater qu\u2019il sera n\u00e9cessaire dans les prochaines ann\u00e9es de savoir prendre du recul et consid\u00e9rer les risques qu\u2019elles impliquent. Le deepfake <\/em>reste une technique tr\u00e8s controvers\u00e9e pouvant facilement \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e \u00e0 des fins malveillantes, comme c\u2019est d\u00e9j\u00e0 le cas : des tentatives d\u2019arnaque utilisant la voix et l\u2019image de c\u00e9l\u00e9brit\u00e9s ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9nonc\u00e9es.
Pour pouvoir profiter des avantages de cette technologie sans \u00eatre d\u00e9pass\u00e9s par les dangers qu\u2019elle repr\u00e9sente, il faut rapidement s\u2019emparer de ce sujet et encadrer l\u2019utilisation du deepfake <\/em>dans une juridiction adapt\u00e9e, prenant en compte le droit \u00e0 l\u2019image et le risque de diffamation. A notre \u00e9chelle, il faudra redoubler de prudence et traiter les contenus en ligne avec encore plus de recul et de m\u00e9fiance, tout en apprenant \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre les vid\u00e9os hypertruqu\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les deepfakes, ou vid\u00e9os hypertruqu\u00e9es, transforment notre paysage num\u00e9rique en bouleversant notre perception de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9. D\u00e9velopp\u00e9s gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des avanc\u00e9es fulgurantes en intelligence artificielle, ces outils permettent de cr\u00e9er des contenus audiovisuels d\u2019un r\u00e9alisme impressionnant, parfois ludique, souvent d\u00e9routant.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1838,"comment_status":"close","ping_status":"close","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_FSMCFIC_featured_image_caption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_nocaption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_hide":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[8,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-213","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-edition-2023","category-technologie"],"yoast_head":"\nHypertrucage : fake it until you make it - Black Sheep<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/master-crdm.parisnanterre.fr\/blacksheep\/hypertrucage-fake-it-until-you-make-it\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hypertrucage : fake it until you make it - Black Sheep\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Les deepfakes, ou vid\u00e9os hypertruqu\u00e9es, transforment notre paysage num\u00e9rique en bouleversant notre perception de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9. 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